Word Class Association Theory? By Staats in Linguistics
Four
Fundamental Language Abilities
of Speakers
1. Ability to produce and comprehend Sentences with no limit as to
length.
e.g. The cute
little girl who
could play baseball
very well loved
her kitten so
much that she
put it in
her backpack so
that she could
take it with
her everywhere.
We
could add more
words at various
position in the
sentence. Actually, there
is no limit,
to making the
sentence longer.
2. Ability to produce and comprehend an unlimited number of sentences.
How
many sentences can
there be in
a language? Well,
we can derive
this answer from
the fact established
above, i.e., there
is no fixed
length to a
sentence. We can
always create another
sentence by making
a prior sentence
longer or by
making another sentence
that is different
from any other.
So we can
conclude that there
is no fixed
number of sentences
which a speaker
can produce or
comprehend.
3. Ability to produce and comprehend novel sentences
Speakers
can produce and
comprehend sentences that
are new (novel)
in the sense
that they have
never encountered such
sentences before. It
is not likely.
4. Ability to Produce and Comprehend Grammatical Sentences.
This
is the ability
to look at
the sentence such
as “The girl
loved her kitten
so much that
she put in
her backpack” is
not grammatical
B. Explaining the Four Abilities with Behaviorist, Psychological and Structural Linguistic Theories
1. Nobody's Whole Sentence Theory.
Nobody's
whole Sentence Theory
is a very
simple and clear
inadequate theory. Basically,
according to this
theory, a person
learns a whole
sentence. They do
so by memorizing
every sentence that
they hear, along
with its surroundings
so that sentences
may have meaning.
In a simple
way, it is
like how a
child has to
learn a language
using stimulus like
objects, events and
etc. This is
to establish the
meaning to what
they have learned
so that it
they can remember
it forever.
2. Watson's Word Association Theory,
Watson
Theory makes two
essential claims about
what language speakers
learn:
a. Speakers learn
a number of
words and each
word consists of
around form which
connects to a
meaning. The meaning
derives from relating
to objects and
events in the
environment, e.g. the
sound form 'boy'
is connected with
the object 'boy'
in the environment,
and
b. Whenever
speakers learn a
sentence, they also
learn at the
same time the
interconnections between the
words.
The
problem of grammaticality
confounds Watson's theory
and renders meaningless
its capacity to
meet the criteria
of length, number,
and novelty. Watso
n's theory, therefore,
fails to explain
the basic language
abilities of speakers.
3. Staats's Word Class Association Theory,
Staat's
word class association
theory is the
extension of Watson's
theory. In the
Watson’s theory, it
is the words
associated to form
sentences. However, in
Staat’s theory, it
is the word
classes related to
each other. In
other words, the
word classes have
the relations between
them. Word class
is part of
speech. He stated
that a sentence
is formed by
the association of
words. The sentence
then will develop
into word classes
such as nouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs
and articles. Staat’s
theory is powerful
because the word
classes and substitution
within a class.
The substitution of
words can have
the similar characteristics
or similar word
classes. However, Staats's
theory cannot explain
the basic language
abilities of speakers.
4. Frie's Sentence Frame Theory,
When
a sentence consists
of all of
the word classes,
then, it is
the Fries’s Sentence
Frame Theory. According
to Fries’s theory,
new sentences will
be produced by
substituting the words
within word classes.
For example, "The
baby cried." which
include Article +
Noun + Verb
word classes. However,
his theory also
is inadequate because
it is limitless
in the multitude
of sentences which
will generate or
yield both grammatical
and ungrammatical strings
happen and there
are not differentiated.
5. Skinner's Sentence Frame Theory
According to Skinner
(1957, p. 346),
speakers learn 'standard
patterns' or 'skeletal
frames' as a
basis for sentence
composition. This is
similar to Fries's
theory of sentence
frames except that
it restricts the
composition of frames
to that of
'key responses', nouns,
verbs, and adjectives.
Knowledge of frames
permits a speaker
to order the
key responses. Once
key responses are
ordered, other words
may be added,
e.g. 'a', '
the', 'some', and
'all' for 'quantification',
and ' is',
'not' , '
like', and 'as'
for 'qualification' .
Thus, for example,
given the key
responses 'hungry' and
'man' in composing
a sentence, they
will be ordered
on the basis
of the frame
Noun + Adjective
as 'man' +
'hungry' and then
quantified and qualified
with ' the'
and 'is' to
yield the sentence,
'The man is
hungry'. Therefore, Skinner's
theory is also
inadequate because his
theory failed to
explain the four
language abilities of
speakers sentences.
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