What Is Psycholinguistics?
psycholinguistics,
the study of
psychological aspects of
language. Experiments investigating
such topics as
short-term and long-term
memory, perceptual strategies,
and speech perception
based on linguistic
models are part
of this discipline.
Most work in
psycholinguistics has been
done on the
learning of language
by children. Language
is extremely complex,
yet children learn
it quickly and
with ease; thus,
the study of
child language is
important for psychologists
interested in cognition
and learning and
for linguists concerned
with the insights
it can give
about the structure
of language. In
the 1960s and
early ’70s much
research in child
language used the
transformational-generative model
proposed by the
American linguist Noam
Chomsky; the goal
of that research
has been to
discover how children
come to
know the grammatical
processes that underlie
the speech they
hear. The transformational
model has also
been adapted for
another field of
psycholinguistics, the processing
and comprehension of
speech; early experiments
in this area
suggested, for example,
that passive sentences
took longer to
process than their
active counterparts because
an extra grammatical
rule was necessary
to produce the
passive sentence. Many
of the results
of this work
were controversial and
inconclusive, and psycholinguistics
has been turning
increasingly to other
functionally related and
socially oriented models
of language structure.
Research Fields of Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics
is the juxtaposition
of psychology and
linguistics in order
to understand how
humans acquire and
utilize language. This
requires an understanding
of its major
subfields and how
they interact.
Phonology or phonetics,
is the study
of speech and
its production. It
involves the physiological
aspects of hearing
and speaking. The
focus is on
phonemes, which are
the smallest units
of sound, and
understanding the rules
surrounding how they
are combined to
create syllables and
words. Teaching learners
explicitly about letter-sound
combinations is known
as phonics or
phonics instruction.
Unlike
the emphasis on
sound in phonetics,
morphology targets the
smallest units of
meaning within words.
These units are
called morphemes. Examining
word structures, relationships
among words, and
how they create
meaning is at
the core of
morphology. This includes
linguistic features such
as inflected endings
on verbs or
how words may
change to convey
the part of
speech, such as
in structure, structured,
structural, and structurally.
While
phonology and morphology
analyze components within
words, syntax focuses
on whole words
or phrases, and
the rules for
putting them together
to generate sentences.
It closely examines
the grammatical structures
of a language
as well as
how to form
words into correct
and meaningful utterances
or sentences. Often
closely linked with
syntax, semantics dives
into the meaning
of individual words
and also combinations
of words. In
other words, semantics
aims to understand
the vocabulary of
a language and
the meanings attached
to that vocabulary.
In
comparison to the
above subfields, pragmatics
is unique in
its attention paid
to studying contexts
and interpretation. It
is also the
only one that
considers the nonverbal
elements of acquiring
and using a
language. Pragmatics involves
the rules and
expectations surrounding the
use of a
language among its
community of users.
It looks at
social thinking, interpersonal
communication, and expected
behaviors among users
of that language
in various contexts.
In many ways,
pragmatics is the
unwritten rules of
using a language
and forging relevant,
correctly received communications.
It studies conversational
exchanges through the
lens of their
social aspects and
intended message. Pragmatics
also seeks to
understand point of
view and what
users of a
language deem appropriate
or inappropriate usages.
This of course
can be very
situational and hard
to learn, even
among children who
are native speakers
of a language.
Psycholinguistics involves:
language processing
–
reading, writing, speaking,
listening and memory
[1]. For instance,
how words on
paper are turned
into meaning in
the mind.
lexical storage and retrieval
–
the way words
are stored in
our minds and
used. How we
are able to
map words onto
objects such as
‘ball’ and actions
such as ‘kick’
and ‘love’ and
access these when
needed.
language acquisition
–
how language is
first learnt and
used by children.
For example, learning
the rules of
grammar and how
to communicate with
other people.
special circumstances
–
how internal and
external factors can
impact language development,
such as twins
and their use
of ‘twin language’,
the influence of
hearing and vision
impairments on acquisition,
and how damage
to the brain
can affect certain
aspects of language.
the brain and language
–
evolutionary explanations of
why humans have
the capacity to
use language, and
the parts of
the brain concerned
with different areas
of language, also
considering whether or
not non-human animals
have the ability
to use language
too.
second language acquisition and use
–
looking at bilingualism
and how individuals
can learn a
second language and
are able to
differentiate between them.
The common
aim of psycholinguistics is
“to find out
about the structures
and processes which
underlie a human’s
ability to speak
and understand language”
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