Ode to Psyche by John Keats; An introduction, annotations & summary
INTRODUCTION:
The 1year 11819 1has 1been 1variously 1described 1by 1scholars 1as 1Keats’s 1‘fertile 1year’ 1or 1‘living 1year’. 1In 1the 1span 1of 1a 1few 1months, 1he 1wrote 1the 1five 1odes 1upon 1which 1his 1reputation 1is 1based. 1Ode 1to 1Psyche 1was 1the 1second 1ode, 1written 1after 1the 1Ode 1on 1Indolence. 1Most 1critics, 1however, 1dismiss 1Ode 1on 1Indolence
1as 1weaker 1and 1less 1successful 1than 1the 1five 1odes 1which 1followed. 1Ode 1to 1Psyche 1was 1first 1published 1in 11820.
The 1original 1version 1of 1this 1ode 1is 1found 1in 1the 1famous 1spring 11819 1journal-letter 1from
1Keats 1to 1his 1brother 1George. 1Keats 1typically 1wrote 1a 1running 1commentary 1to 1George 1and 1his 1wife 1Georgiana 1in 1America, 1then 1loosely 1grouped 1the 1pages 1together 1as 1one 1long 1letter. 1The 1letter
1ends 1with 1this 1beautiful 1work, 1of 1which 1Keats 1wrote: 1‘The 1following 1Poem 1– 1the 1last 1I 1have 1written 1is 1the 1first 1and 1the 1only 1one 1with 1which 1I 1have 1taken 1even 1moderate 1pains 1– 1I 1have 1for 1the 1most 1part 1dash’d 1of[f] 1my 1lines 1in 1a 1hurry 1– 1This 1I 1have 1done 1leisurely 1– 1I 1think 1it 1reads 1the 1more 1richly 1for 1it 1and 1will 1I 1hope 1encourage 1me 1to 1write 1other 1thing[s] 1in 1even 1a 1more 1peaceable 1and 1healthy 1spirit.’
In 1the 1Greek 1religion, 1psyche 1meant 1‘the 1soul’; 1in 1their 1mythology, 1she 1was 1a 1beautiful 1princess 1of 1whom 1Aphrodite 1became 1jealous. 1The 1goddess 1sent 1her 1son 1Eros 1(Cupid) 1to 1Psyche, 1commanding 1him 1to 1make 1her 1fall 1in 1love 1with 1the 1ugliest 1person 1on 1earth. 1But 1Eros 1was 1not 1immune 1to 1the 1mortal’s 1great 1beauty. 1He 1fell 1in 1love 1instead 1and 1the 1two 1became 1lovers, 1though 1Eros 1forbid 1Psyche 1to 1ever 1look 1upon 1him. 1Being 1human, 1her 1curiosity 1eventually 1made 1her 1look 1and 1it 1took 1the 1intervention 1of
1Zeus, 1king 1of 1the 1Greek 1gods, 1for 1the 1lovers 1to 1find 1eternal 1happiness.
Keats 1had 1written 1about 1the 1lovers 1before 1in 1‘I 1stood 1tip-toe 1upon 1a 1little 1hill’, 1but 1with 1more 1erotic 1language. 1Ode 1to 1Psyche 1was 1specifically 1inspired
1by 1the 1Roman 1author 1Lucius 1Apuleius’s 12d 1century 1work, 1The 1Golden 1Ass. 1Apuleius 1had 1referred 1to 1the 1Cupid 1and 1Psyche 1story 1as 1‘the 1latest-born 1of
1the 1myths’ 1and 1so, 1in 1his 1letter 1to 1George 1and 1Georgiana, 1Keats 1wrote: 1‘You 1must 1recollect 1that 1Psyche 1was 1not 1embodied 1as 1a 1goddess 1before 1the 1time 1of 1Apuleius 1the 1Platonist 1who 1lived 1after
1their 1Agustan 1age, 1and 1consequently 1the
1Goddess 1was 1never 1worshipped 1or 1sacrificed 1to 1with 1any 1of 1the 1ancient 1fervour 1– 1and 1perhaps 1never 1thought 1of 1in 1the 1old 1religion 1– 1I 1am 1more 1orthodox 1that 1[for 1than] 1to 1let 1a 1hethen 1Goddess 1be 1so 1neglected.’
In 1the 1ode, 1Keats 1vows 1to 1become 1the 1priest 1of 1Psyche 1and 1build 1a 1temple 1to 1her 1in 1his 1mind 1– 1‘Yes, 1I 1will 1be 1thy 1priest,
1and 1build 1a 1fane 1/ 1In 1some 1untrodden 1region 1of 1my 1mind’. 1The 1first 1two 1stanzas 1are 1generally 1dismissed 1as 1‘filler’ 1by 1critics 1and 1biographers, 1but
1all 1agree 1that 1the 1final 1stanza 1is 1a 1triumph. 1There 1are 1two 1primary 1interpretations 1of
1this 1work. 1It 1can 1be 1linked 1to 1Keats’s 1famous 1‘vale 1of 1soul-making’ 1discussion
1earlier 1in 1the 1letter 1to 1George 1and 1Georgiana 1(‘[T]his 1System 1of 1Soul-making 1–
1may 1have 1been 1the 1Parent 1of 1all 1the 1more 1palpable 1and 1personal 1Schemes 1of 1Redemption, 1among
1the 1Zoroastrians, 1the
1Christians 1and 1the 1Hindoos. 1For 1as 1one 1part 1of 1the 1human 1species 1must 1have 1their 1carved 1Jupiter, 1so 1another 1part 1must 1have…. 1their 1Christ 1their 1Oromanes 1and 1their 1Vishnu’ 1– 1and 1so, 1we 1might 1add, 1the 1poet 1(in 1this 1case, 1Keats) 1must 1have 1his 1Psyche. 1Its 1language 1can 1also 1be 1linked 1to 1Keats’s 1love 1letters 1to 1Fanny 1Brawne. 1He 1wrote 1of 1building 1an 1altar 1to 1her; 1he 1declared 1love 1to 1be 1his 1religion 1and 1Fanny 1‘its 1only 1tenet’; 1etc 1Was 1Fanny 1the 1embodiment 1of 1Psyche?
An 1interesting 1note
1on 1the 1manuscript: 1This
1ode 1was 1originally 1begun 1as 1a 1sonnet, 1which 1explains 1its 1curious 1structure. 1(As 1his 1letter 1states, 1Keats 1had 1‘dashed 1off’ 1several 1sonnets 1in 1the 1third 1week 1of 1April 11819, 1of 1which 1this 1was 1the 1last.) 1No 1alteration 1in 1the 1original 1manuscript 1occurs 1until 1the 1thirteenth 1and 1fourteenth 1lines. 1At 1that 1point, 1Keats 1seems 1to 1have 1decided 1to 1alter 1the 1structure 1of 1the 1work. 1Originally 1titled 1‘To 1Psyche’, 1he 1added 1‘Ode’ 1later; 1note 1the 1different 1and 1widely-spaced 1angle
1of 1writing 1in 1the 1cropped 1image 1above. 1The 1decision 1to 1change 1a 1perfectly 1acceptable 1sonnet 1to 1an 1ode 1is 1perhaps 1the 1real 1importance 1of 1this 1work. 1It 1marks 1the 1beginning 1of 1a 1sequence 1of 1even 1greater 1odes.
Keats 1was 1terminally 1ill 1as 1his 1final 1volume 1of 1poetry 1was 1prepared. 1As 1a 1result, 1his 1publishers 1made 1several 1alterations 1to
1‘Ode 1to 1Psyche’ 1without 1his 1input. 1In 1particular, 1they
1were 1stymied 1by 1his 1use 1of 1the 1words 1‘freckle-pink’ 1and
1‘syrian’ 1in 1line 1fourteen. 1Keats 1had 1originally 1written 1‘silver-white’ 1in
1the 1work, 1but 1changed 1it 1to 1‘freckle-pink’ 1in
1the 1margin, 1and 1included 1the 1latter 1in 1the 1copy 1he 1made 1for 1George. 1The 1publishers 1retained 1‘silver-white’; 1also,
1they 1could 1not 1define 1the 1obscure 1‘syrian’ 1and 1so 1changed 1it 1to 1‘Tyrian’, 1which 1was 1a 1traditional 1purple
1dye. 1They 1also 1altered 1the 1end 1of 1line 1ten, 1which 1Keats 1had 1ended 1‘the 1whispering 1fan’. 1Taylor 1and 1Hessey 1changed 1it 1to 1‘whisp’ring 1roof’,
1which 1completely 1ruined 1Keats’s 1rhyme 1scheme. 1These 1changes 1reflected 1the 1vicious 1criticism 1of 1Endymion, 1which 1had 1been 1attacked 1for 1a 1certain 1quaintness 1in 1creating 1and 1altering 1words 1as 1well 1as 1an 1exaggeratedly 1lush
1style. 1Understandably, 1they
1also 1looked 1askance 1at 1the 1beginning 1of 1the 1third 1stanza 1and 1changed 1Keats’s 1original 1‘O 1Bloomiest!’ 1to
1‘O 1brightest!’ 1–
1a 1tepid 1alteration 1but 1probably 1necessary.
The 1most 1notable 1alteration 1in 1Ode 1to 1Psyche 1was 1made 1by 1Keats 1himself. 1Note 1the 1change 1below. 1The 1final 1line 1originally 1read 1‘To 1let 1warm 1Love 1glide 1in’. 1He 1altered 1it 1to 1‘To 1let 1the 1warm 1Love 1in’, 1a 1simple 1but 1vital 1difference. 1Further
1discussion 1of 1this 1line 1can 1be 1found 1in 1the 1annotations 1below.
O 1Goddess! 1hear 1these 1tuneless 1numbers, 1wrung
By 1sweet 1enforcement 1and
1remembrance 1dear,
And 1pardon 1that 1thy 1secrets 1should 1be 1sung
Even 1unto 1thine 1own
1soft-conched 1ear:
Surely 1I 1dreamt 1to-day, 1or 1did 1I 1see
The 1winged 1Psyche 1with 1awaken’d 1eyes?
I 1wander’d 1in 1a 1forest 1thoughtlessly,
And, 1on 1the 1sudden, 1fainting 1with 1surprise,
Saw 1two 1fair 1creatures, 1couched 1side 1by 1side
In 1deepest 1grass, 1beneath 1the 1whisp’ring 1roof
Of 1leaves 1and 1trembled 1blossoms, 1where 1there 1ran
A 1brooklet, 1scarce 1espied:
‘Mid 1hush’d 1cool-rooted 1flowers,
1fragrant-eyed,
Blue, 1silver-white, 1and
1budded 1Tyrian,
They 1lay 1calm-breathing 1on
1the 1bedded 1grass;
Their 1arms 1embraced, 1and 1their 1pinions 1too;
Their 1lips 1touch’d 1not, 1but 1had 1not 1bade 1adieu,
As 1if 1disjoined 1by 1soft-handed 1slumber,
And 1ready 1still 1past 1kisses 1to 1outnumber
At 1tender 1eye-dawn 1of 1aurorean 1love:
The 1winged 1boy 1I 1knew;
But 1who 1wast 1thou, 1O 1happy, 1happy 1dove?
His 1Psyche 1true!
O 1latest 1born 1and 1loveliest 1vision 1far
Of 1all 1Olympus’ 1faded 1hierarchy!
Fairer 1than 1Phoebe’s 1sapphire-region’d
1star,
Or 1Vesper, 1amorous 1glow-worm 1of 1the 1sky;
Fairer 1than 1these, 1though 1temple 1thou 1hast 1none,
Nor 1altar 1heap’d 1with 1flowers;
Nor 1virgin-choir 1to
1make 1delicious 1moan
Upon 1the 1midnight 1hours;
No 1voice, 1no 1lute, 1no 1pipe, 1no 1incense 1sweet
From 1chain-swung 1censer
1teeming;
No 1shrine, 1no 1globe, 1no 1oracle, 1no 1heat
Of 1pale-mouthed 1prophet
1dreaming.
O 1brightest! 1though 1too 1late 1for 1antique 1vows,
Too, 1too 1late 1for 1the 1fond 1believing 1lyte,
When 1holy 1were 1the 1haunted 1forest 1boughs,
Holy 1the 1air, 1the 1water, 1and 1the 1fire;
Yet 1even 1in 1these 1days 1so 1far 1retir’d
From 1happy 1pieties, 1thy 1lucent 1fans,
Fluttering 1among 1the 1faint 1Olympians,
I 1see, 1and 1sing, 1by 1my 1own 1eyes 1inspired.
So 1let 1me 1be 1thy 1choir, 1and 1make 1a 1moan
Upon 1the 1midnight 1hours;
Thy 1voice, 1thy 1lute, 1thy 1pipe, 1thy 1incense 1sweet
From 1swinged 1censer 1teeming;
Thy 1shrine, 1thy 1grove, 1thy 1oracle, 1thy 1heat
Of 1pale-mouth’d 1prophet
1dreaming.
Yes, 1I 1will 1be 1thy 1priest, 1and 1build 1a 1fane
In 1some 1untrodden 1region 1of 1my 1mind,
Where 1branched 1thoughts, 1new 1grown 1with 1pleasant 1pain,
Instead 1of 1pines 1shall 1murmur 1in 1the 1wind:
Far, 1far 1around 1shall 1those 1dark-cluster’d 1trees
Fledge 1the 1wild-ridged 1mountains
1steep 1by 1steep;
And 1there 1by 1zephyrs, 1streams, 1and 1birds, 1and 1bees,
The 1moss-lain 1Dryads 1shall 1be 1lull’d 1to 1sleep;
And 1in 1the 1midst 1of 1this 1wide 1quietness
A 1rosy 1sanctuary 1will 1I 1dress
With 1the 1wreath’d 1trellis 1of 1a 1working 1brain,
With 1buds, 1and 1bells, 1and 1stars 1without 1a 1name,
With 1all 1the 1gardener 1Fancy 1e’er 1could 1feign,
Who 1breeding 1glowers, 1will 1never 1breed 1the 1same:
And 1there 1shall 1be 1for 1thee 1all 1soft 1delight
That 1shadowy 1thought 1can 1win,
A 1bright 1torch, 1and 1a 1casement 1ope 1at 1night,
To 1let 1the 1warm 1Love 1in!
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